2018年全國同等學(xué)力申碩英語真題Passage Two
Passage Two
Science is finally beginning to embrace animals who were, for a long time, considered second-class citizens.
As Annie Potts of Canterbury University has noted, chickens distinguish among one hundred chicken faces and recognize familiar individuals even after months of separations. When given problems to solve, they reason: hens trained to pick colored buttons sometimes choose to give up an immediate (lesser)food reward for a slightly later (and better) one. Healthy hens may aid friends, and mourn when those friends die.
Pigs respond meaningfully to human symbols. When a research team led by Candace Croney at Penn State University carried wooden blocks marked with X and O symbols around pigs, only the O carriers offered food to the animals. The pigs soon ignored the X carriers in favor of the O’s. Then the team switched from real-life objects to a T-shirts printed with X or O symbols. Still, the pigs ventured only toward the O-shirted people: they had transferred their knowledge to a two-dimensional format, a not-inconsiderable feat of reasoning.
Fairly soon, I came to see that along with our closest living relatives, cetaceans(鯨目動(dòng)物)too are masters of cultural learning, and elephants express profound joy and mourning with their social companions. Long-term studies in the wild on these mammals helped to fuel a perspective shift in our society: the public no longer so easily accepts monkeys made to undergo painful procedures in laboratories, elephants forced to perform in circuses, and dolphins kept in small tanks at theme parks.
Over time, though, as I began to broaden out even further and explore the inner lives of fish, chicken, pigs, goats, and cows, I started to wonder: Will the new science of “food animals” bring an ethical revolution in terms of who we eat? In other words, will the breadth of our ethic start to catch up with the breadth of our science? Animal activists are already there, of course, committed to not eating these animals. But what about the rest of us? Can paying attention to the thinking and feeling of these animals lead us to make change in who we eat?
11. According to Annie Potts, hens’ choice of a later and better reward indicates their ability of .
A. social interaction B. facial recognition
C. logical reasoning D. mutual learning
12. The expression “not-inconsiderable feat” (Para.3)shows what pig can do is
.
A. extraordinary B. weird C. unique D. understandable
13. What is Paragraph4 mainly about?
A. The similarities between mammals and humans.
B. The necessity of long-term studies no mammals.
C. A change of public attitude to the treatment of mammals.
D. A new discovery of how mammals think and feel.
14. What is the author’s view on eating “food animals”?
A. He regrets eating them before. B. He considers eating them justifiable.
C. He is not concerned about the issue. D. He calls for a change in what we eat.
15. What is the best title for the passage?
A. In Praise of Food Animals B. Food Animals in Science Reports
C. The Inner Lives of food animals D. Food Animals: past, present and future
Passage Two
【文章介紹】本文主要闡述了霍金的生平歷程,包括他的出生、家庭、所受的教育和身體狀況。盡管他的身體日益惡化,他對黑洞和宇宙大爆炸的研究仍獲得巨大突破。
12. 【答案】D
【考點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)題
【解析】本題問的是霍金早期對科學(xué)感興趣的原因是什么。
文章首段說明了霍金父母的職業(yè)都與科學(xué)相關(guān),使得他對科學(xué)感興趣。因此此題選
D 項(xiàng)“他的父母影響了他”。
【誤項(xiàng)排除】A 項(xiàng)“他的兄妹喜歡科學(xué)”,B 項(xiàng)“當(dāng)霍金還是個(gè)孩子時(shí),他就開始學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的課程了”,C 項(xiàng)“他在數(shù)學(xué)和物理學(xué)方面特別優(yōu)秀”,這三項(xiàng)不符合題意。
13. 【答案】A
【考點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)題
【解析】本題問的是關(guān)于霍金的妻子—簡,可以得知什么。
文章第二段闡述了霍金與其妻子簡的故事。他們都來自圣奧爾本斯,相識在新年聚會(huì)上。并在霍金的疾病確診后,快速結(jié)了婚。所以 A 項(xiàng)“她和霍金來自同一個(gè)地方” 正確。
【誤項(xiàng)排除】B 項(xiàng)“她和霍金在同一所學(xué)校上學(xué)”,C 項(xiàng)“她和霍金在新年那天結(jié)的婚”,D 項(xiàng)“在結(jié)婚前,她并不知道霍金患病的事”,這三項(xiàng)不符合題意。
14. 【答案】C
【考點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)題
【解析】本題問的是霍金自我訓(xùn)練的方式是什么。
文章第三段描述了霍金因身體疾病的限制,他找到了自我訓(xùn)練思維的方式:通過大腦把問題視覺化來獲得解決方法。因此此題選 C 項(xiàng)“很大程度上依靠大腦想像畫面”。
【誤項(xiàng)排除】A 項(xiàng)“幫助恢復(fù)健康”,B 項(xiàng)“要求列寫許多方程”,D 項(xiàng)“被他的同事效仿”,這三項(xiàng)不符合題意。
15. 【答案】A
【考點(diǎn)】態(tài)度題
【解析】本題問的是下面關(guān)于“大爆炸”理論的陳述錯(cuò)誤的是哪個(gè)。
文章最后一段論述了“大爆炸”理論形成于 20 世紀(jì) 40 年代,但并不是所有的科學(xué)家都接受,因此此題選 D 項(xiàng)“不是所有的科學(xué)家都認(rèn)同”。
【誤項(xiàng)排除】A 項(xiàng)“霍金是其創(chuàng)建者”,B 項(xiàng)““大爆炸”與黑洞有關(guān)”,C 項(xiàng)“霍金的研究論證了該理論”,這三項(xiàng)不符合題意。
16. 【答案】D
【考點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)題
【解析】本題問的是作為科學(xué)界的領(lǐng)軍人物,霍金是怎么樣的。
全文描述了霍金雖身患重病,但這并沒有阻礙他對科學(xué)的熱愛。即使身體日益惡化, 他仍然努力克服疾病帶來的不便,并致力于科學(xué)研究,取得了重大成就。因此此題選 D 項(xiàng)“一生大部分都在與疾病抗戰(zhàn)”。
【誤項(xiàng)排除】A 項(xiàng)“在世存活了 55 年”,B 項(xiàng)“寫了許多暢銷小說”,C 項(xiàng)“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一些專為殘疾人士的機(jī)構(gòu)”,這三項(xiàng)不符合題意。
參考譯文
斯蒂芬·霍金出生于 1942 年 1 月 8 日,在圣奧爾本斯長大,他在四兄妹中排行老大。他父親是一位研究生物學(xué)家,他母親在一家醫(yī)療研究所擔(dān)任秘書??梢?,霍金對科學(xué)感興趣并不奇怪。在學(xué)生時(shí)代時(shí),霍金就被物理和數(shù)學(xué)所吸引。在他看來,物理和數(shù)學(xué)為他了解世界提供了最基本的見解。但是在牛津大學(xué)第一學(xué)期,他跟其他同學(xué)一樣,并沒有什么特別之處。
斯蒂芬在牛津大學(xué)物理專業(yè)以第一名畢業(yè),并開始到劍橋大學(xué)讀博。當(dāng)他向未來的妻子求婚時(shí),他的世界多了一人。簡也是來自圣奧爾本斯,是一名現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)的大學(xué)生。簡在一次新年聚會(huì)時(shí)認(rèn)識了霍金,那個(gè)時(shí)候,霍金還沒被診斷出患病。他們決定盡快結(jié)婚,因?yàn)樗麄儾恢阑艚疬€能活多久。隨著霍金的病情惡化,他需要拄著拐杖走路了。
為了避免身體殘疾帶來的限制,霍金采用一種新的方式來訓(xùn)練思維。當(dāng)他的手臂無法使用時(shí),他采用了一種新的方式:不再是手寫方程式,而是通過大腦把問題視覺化來獲得解決方法。他的一些同事認(rèn)為這種思維方式造就了他巨大的發(fā)現(xiàn)?;艚瓞F(xiàn)在正致力于研究科學(xué)上最奇異的問題之一—黑洞,也是對愛因斯坦廣義相對論的預(yù)測。
霍金對黑洞的研究證實(shí)了宇宙初始“大爆炸”的存在?!按蟊ā崩碚撔纬捎?20 世紀(jì) 40 年代,但仍不被科學(xué)家們接受?;艚鹪谂c數(shù)學(xué)家羅杰 · 彭羅斯一起研究時(shí), 他意識到黑洞就像反向的大爆炸,這就意味著他用來描述黑洞的數(shù)學(xué)也能描述大爆炸。這對證明大爆炸確實(shí)存在是個(gè)關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻。隨著霍金身體的惡化,他的職業(yè)生涯開始騰飛。
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